Time-domain synthesis of conical bore instrument sounds

Properties of a Conic Frustum

• The mode ratios for a closed-open conic frustum vary with respect to the ``truncation factor'' $\beta$ (Ayers, 1985).

  Figure 5: Modal frequencies for a closed-open conic frustum normalized by the fundamental frequency of an open pipe of the same length as the frustum. The dotted curves indicate integer relationships to the first mode.